Biological night vision

Biological night vision:

In biological night vision, molecules of rhodopsin in the rods of the eye undergo a change in shape as light is absorbed by them.
Rhodopsin is the chemical that allows night-vision, and is extremely sensitive to light.
Exposed to a spectrum of light, the pigment immediately bleaches, and it takes about 30 minutes to regenerate fully, but most
of the adaptation occurs within the first five or ten minutes in the dark. Rhodopsin in the human rods is less sensitive to the longer
red wavelengths of light, so many people use red light to help preserve night vision as it only slowly depletes the eye's rhodopsin
stores in the rods and instead is viewed by the cones.

Many animals have a tissue layer called the tapetum lucidum in the back of the eye that reflects light back through the retina, increasing
the amount of light available for it to capture. This is found in many nocturnal animals and some deep sea animals, and is the cause
of eyeshine. Humans lack a tapetum lucidum.

Nocturnal mammals have rods with unique properties that make enhanced night vision possible.
The nuclear pattern of their rods changes shortly after birth to become inverted. In contrast to contemporary rods, inverted
rods have heterochromatin in the center of their nuclei and euchromatin and other transcription factors along the border.
In addition, the outer nuclear layer (ONL) in nocturnal mammals is thick due to the millions of rods present to process the lower light intensities
of a few photons. Rather than being scattered, the light is passed to each nucleus individually.[3] In fact, an animal's ability to see in low light
levels may be similar to what humans see when using first- or perhaps second-generation image intensifiers.
Large size of the eye, and large size of the pupil relative to the eye, also contribute to night vision

From: www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_vision